玉米重组群体果穗性状的遗传潜势与杂种优势研究

选用含有Reid、Lancaster及国内地方种血缘的自交系和地方品种作为基础材料,按血缘关系分别合成3个群体,再进行群体间杂交,以3个群体和6个群体间杂交组合为试验材料,探讨群体内遗传潜力和群体间杂种优势.结果表明,穗长、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数、百粒重和子粒产量6个果穗性状在群体内遗传差异极显著,且群体间杂交后这6个性状的杂种优势均为正值,依次为子粒产量>行粒数>百粒重>穗长>穗粗>穗行数.综合这6个果穗性状表现,以D×R、R×L、R×D和L×R的总优势较。     

小黑麦F_1、F_2产量性状的遗传率和群体杂种优势分析

为了解小黑麦产量性状的遗传规律和群体杂种优势的表现,采用完全双列杂交试验设计,利用农艺性状的加性-显性遗传模型,分析了小黑麦15个F1、F2代组合7个主要产量性状的遗传表现。结果表明,单株产量、株高、穗下节间长、每穗粒数和千粒重的遗传率达到了显著水平,穗下节间长和株高的遗传率较高。单株产量、千粒重和株高在F1、F2代都具有很强的群体杂种优势,F2代优势比F1代降低了50%左右,F1杂种优势平均可延续1.1~2.0代,强优势组合杂种优势可延续到3代。     

中国大豆雄性不育和杂种优势利用研究进展与问题分析

杂种优势利用是大幅度提高大豆产量的有效措施之一,我同的大豆杂种优势利用研究开始于20世纪80年代中期,经过20多年的研究探索,我国在大豆杂种优势利用研究领域总体上处于国际前列.在世界上率先育成了大豆质核互作"三系",开展了大规模杂种优势测定研究,育成了数个大豆杂交种,对大豆杂交制种技术进行了广泛研究,取得重要进展.然而,杂交大豆的产业化进程仍较缓慢,还存在一系列问题亟待解决.文章总结我国在大豆雄性不育和杂种优势利用研究方面所取得的重要进展,对存在的主要问题进行了分析,并对今后的研究策略提出了建议.     

加拿大玉米群体与黑龙江省部分早熟骨干系杂种优势分析

采用NCⅡ设计,以8个黑龙江省常用早熟骨干自交系为测验种,对20个加拿大玉米群体的产量配合力及杂种优势进行分析。结果表明,群体EP8、EP17、EP7、EP13和EP15产量一般配合力(GCA)较高,利用这些群体较易组配出高产杂交组合。以产量特殊配合力(SCA)为指标,发现K10与EP6、EP11、EP12、EP14,L105与EP18、EP19、EP20、EP22、EP23,甸11A与EP7、EP8、EP9,东237与EP1、EP16、EP17,合344与EP3、EP13,龙抗11与EP15,熊掌与EP10、EP21遗传关系较近。从产量平均优势分析可见,部分群体杂种优势组合模式为EP7×K10、EP18×K10、EP1×龙抗11、EP12×龙抗11、EP17×熊掌、EP14×甸11A、EP23×甸11A、EP3×东237、EP21×东237。     

玉米光周期敏感特性研究及长日照光周期诱导差减文库构建

以热带玉米自交系CML288为材料,通过对比研究表明,CML288对光周期非常敏感。通过长、短日照挪移试验发现,CML288短日照处理条件下,6～7叶期是光周期反应最敏感时期,7～9叶期是光周期敏感持续期,但敏感效应明显减弱。以CML288敏感期叶片与茎尖为材料,利用SSH技术构建了对长日照敏感而特异表达的基因文库,3 000多个单克隆被有效富集。对差减文库中分离的64个特异表达EST序列分析表明,16个EST序列与玉米已知功能的蛋白序列具有较高的同源性;41个序列与其它物种编码序列同源性较高;7个EST没有同源的序列,可能代表了新基因。     

5个玉米人工合成群体选系的配合力分析

选用8个自交系为测验种,采用不完全双列杂交设计,对5个玉米人工合成群体新选的15个自交系的配合力、杂种优势以及主要性状遗传参数进行了分析。结果表明,单株产量GCA表现突出,且构成产量因子性状GCA表现也较好的新选自交系有GP2-1,GP5-2和GP5-5;SCA值高、杂种优势强的组合是48-2×GP3-3和ES40×GP1-2;在穗长、秃尖长、穗粗等12个性状中,亲本的基因加性效应对F1性状形成起主导作用,而穗重和单株产量的遗传变异主要来自于基因非加性效应。因此,对于高产组合的选配,至少要选择1个GCA高的材料作亲本,并在此基础上兼顾SCA的选择,而利用群体自交选系则应根据性状遗传特性决定其选择时期和选择强度。     

玉米叶片保绿度F1杂种优势与环境互作效应分析

采用加性-显性及与环境互作的遗传模型,利用玉米6个亲本,按完全双列杂交设计组配的15个杂交组合在4种环境条件下的试验资料,分析玉米叶片保绿度F1杂种优势与环境互作效应。结果表明:玉米叶片保绿度F1杂种优势存在着极显著的基因型与环境互作效应。不同杂交组合在同一环境下的F1杂种优势表现不尽相同,同一杂交组合在不同环境条件下表现也不尽相同。玉米自交系沈137是选育保绿性玉米杂交种较好的亲本材料。     

化学杂交剂SQ-1诱导糜子雄性不育效果研究

采用裂区试验设计, 以喷药时期为主区, 喷药剂量为副区, 探讨了用SQ-1诱导产生的雄性不育率、杂交率及自然授粉结实率3项指标评价应用效果。结果表明, 喷药时期、喷药剂量及时期与剂量一级互作显著或极显著影响不育率和杂交率。在雌雄蕊原基分化期, 喷药剂量为4.0和5.0 kg hm^-2时诱导雄性不育率、杂交率都在95％以上; 花粉粒分化形成初期, 喷药剂量为5.0 kg hm^-2时诱导雄性不育率和杂交率都在95％以上。喷药时期对自然授粉结实率影响不显著, 剂量及时期与剂量一级互作影响显著, 自然授粉结实率随着剂量的增加呈降低趋势。SQ-1用于糜子的最佳时期为雌雄蕊原基分化期, 最适剂量4.0 kg hm^-2。     

Marker-based screening of maize inbred lines using support vector machine regression

The phenomenon of heterosis is widely used in hybrid breeding programmes, despite the fact that no satisfactory molecular explanation is available. Estimators of quantitative genetic components like GCA and SCA values are tools used by the plant breeder to identify superior parental individuals and to search for high heterosis combinations. Obtaining these estimators usually requires the creation of new parental combinations and testing their offspring in multi-environment field trials. In this study we explore the use of ɛ-insensitive Support Vector Machine Regression (ɛ-SVR) for the prediction of GCA and SCA values from the molecular marker scores of parental inbred lines as an alternative to these field trials. Prediction accuracies are obtained by means of cross-validation on a grain maize data set from the private breeding company RAGT R2n. Results indicate that the proposed method allows the routine screening of new inbred lines despite the fact that predicting the SCA value of an untested hybrid remains problematic with the available molecular marker information and standard kernel functions. The genotypical performance of a testcross hybrid, originating from a cross between an untested inbred line and a well-known complementary tester, can be predicted with moderate to high accuracy while this cannot be said for a cross between two untested inbred lines.     

Genetic variability and heterotic groups of Brazilian popcorn populations

The development of successful advanced lines and cultivars in maize is dependent on parental selection and assignment to defined heterotic groups. So, the objectives of this study were to evaluate genetic variability and identify heterotic groups among Brazilian popcorn varieties. Thus, diallel crosses of advanced generations of the popcorn hybrids, IAC 112 and Zélia, and of three open-pollinated popcorn varieties, RS 20, Branco, and SAM were performed. Ten hybrid combinations, the five parents, and five check treatments were arranged in a block design with four replicates in two tropical-zone locations (CWb climate). Both additive and non-additive effects were important for grain yield, plant height, ear height, and husk cover. For popping expansion, only the additive effects were important. Hybrid combinations between the local variety (Branco) and F₂ populations (IAC 112 and Zelia) resulted in the third and fourth highest values for popping expansion. The best grain yields were obtained with hybrid combinations involving SAM. Cultivars Zélia, IAC 112, and RS 20 increased popping expansion, whereas cultivar Branco increased grain yield of hybrid combinations. The following conclusions may be drawn: Brazilian popcorn populations have reduced heterosis and genetic variability to popping expansion in relation commercial cultivars; there is genetic variability among Brazilian popcorn populations that allows the exploitation of additive and non-additive effects for grain yield; it is possible to increase grain yield by using local varieties; but it would be difficult to obtain commercial hybrids from local varieties because they have poor performance for popping expansion.